Analects of Confucius


The Analects (Chinese (Hanyu Pinyin) Lúnyǔ, literally meaning selected sayings) of Confucius consists of the philosophical expressions attributed to Kong Qiu and his contemporaries and disciples. The traditional scholarly consensus generally considers the collection to have been written during the Warring States Period through to the middle of the Han dynasty (475 BCE - 220 CE).

Though originally considered a commentary on the Five Classics it eventually was considered to be the primary text of Confucianism. The original title of Lunyu - lun meaning discuss or dispute and yu meaning speach or sayings - is expressed in the English word analects, from the Ancient Greek análekta (things chosen) literally means excerpts or quotes. The term was popularized in this context through James Legge's English translation. This version includes the Legge translation and for comparison, the A. Charles Muller translation. There is also an audio version of Legge's translation with a Chinese and English reading.

The Han dynasty scholar Liu Xiang referred to two versions, the Lu and the Qi; the former having only 20 chapters and the latter having 22. During the Han period the Five Classics were considered canonical and the Analects as secondary since the Classics were believed to have been more directly associated with Confucius whereas the Analects themselves were believed to be an oral commentary on the Classics composed of by his disciples.



Confucius was born in the year 550 BCE, [F1] in the land of Lu, in a small village, situated in the western part of the modern province of Shantung. His name was K'ung Ch'iu, and his style (corresponding to our Christian name) was Chung-ni. His countrymen speak of him as K'ung Fu-tzu, the Master, or philosopher K'ung. This expression was altered into Confucius by the Jesuit missionaries who first carried his fame to Europe.

Since the golden days of the Emperors Yao and Shun, the legendary founders of the Chinese Empire, nearly two thousand years had passed. Shun chose as his successor Yü, who had been his chief minister, a man whose devotion to duty was such that when engaged in draining the empire of the great flood — a task that took eight years to accomplish — he never entered his home till the work was done, although in the course of his labors he had thrice to pass his door. He founded the Hsia dynasty, which lasted till 1766 BCE. The last emperor of this line, a vile tyrant, was overthrown by T'ang, who became the first ruler of the house of Shang, or Yin. This dynasty again degenerated in course of time and came to an end in Chou, or Chou Hsin (1154-22 BCE), a monster of lust, extravagance, and cruelty. The empire was only held together by the strength and wisdom of the Duke of Chou, or King Wen, to give him his popular title, one of the greatest men in Chinese history. He controlled two-thirds of the empire; but, believing that the people were not yet ready for a change, he refrained from dethroning the emperor. In his day 'the husbandman paid one in nine; the pay of the officers was hereditary; men were questioned at barriers and at markets, but there were no tolls; fishgarths were not preserved; the children of criminals were sackless. The old and wifeless—the widower; the old and husbandless — the widow; the old and childless — the lone one; the young and fatherless — the orphan; these four are the people most in need below heaven, and they have no one to whom to cry, so when King Wen reigned his love went out first to them' (Mencius, Book II, chapter 5). After his death, his son, King Wu, decided that the nation was ripe for change. He overcame Chou Hsin by force of arms, and, placing himself on the throne, became the founder of the Chou dynasty.

In the time of Confucius the Chou dynasty still filled the throne. But it had long since become effete, and all power had passed into the hands of the great vassals. The condition of China was much like that of Germany in the worst days of the Holy Roman Empire. The emperor was powerless, the various vassal states were independent in all but name, and often at war one with the other. These states again were disintegrated, and their rulers impotent against encroaching feudatories. In Confucius' native state, Lu, the duke was a mere shadow. The younger branches of his house had usurped all power. Three in number, they were called the Three Clans. The most important of the three was the Chi, or Chi-sun clan, whose chiefs Chi Huan and Chi K'ang are often mentioned by Confucius. But the power of the Chi, too, was ill-secured. The minister Yang Huo overawed his master, and once even threw him into prison. Nor was the condition of the other states of the empire better than that of Lu. Confucius thought it worse.

Into this turbulent world Confucius was born. Though his father was only a poor military officer, he could trace his descent from the imperial house of Yin. Confucius married at nineteen, and is known to have had one son and one daughter. Shortly after his marriage he entered the service of the state as keeper of the granary. A year later he was put in charge of the public fields. In 527 BCE his mother died, and, in obedience to Chinese custom, he had to retire from public life. When the years of mourning were over, he did not again take office, but devoted himself instead to study and teaching. As the years rolled by his fame grew, and a band of pupils gathered round him. In 517 BCE the anarchy in Lu reached such a pitch that Confucius moved to the neighbouring land of Ch'i. Here he had several interviews with the reigning duke, but met with little encouragement. So he soon returned to his native country, and resumed for fifteen years his work as student and teacher.

During these fifteen years the power of the duke sank lower and lower, and the Chi was menaced by his minister Yang Huo. In times so dark, men that loved quiet sought in the world of thought an escape from the gloom around them, whilst others that were less resigned turned over in their minds the causes of the realm's decay. Lao-tzu, the founder of the mystic Taoist philosophy, taught that in inaction alone peace can be found; Mo-tzu proclaimed the doctrine of universal love: that we should love all men as we love self, love the parents of others as we love our own parents. Upright men were driven or fled from the world. Confucius often met them in his wanderings, and was reproved for not doing as they did. But his practical mind told him that inaction could not help the world, and that to find a remedy for the nation's ills, their cause must first be learned. This could only be done by historical study. He therefore devoted himself to the study of past times, edited in later life the Book of History, and compiled the work called Spring and Autumn, a history of his native state from 722 to 481 BCE To bring again the golden days of Yao and Shun a return must be made to the principles of Wen and Wu, the kings that had rebuilt the empire after tyranny and selfishness had laid it low. Of impracticable ideals and renunciation of the world no good could come.

At last in 501 BCE Yang Huo was forced to flee from Lu, and prospects brightened. A year later Confucius was appointed governor of a town. So great was his success as governor that before long he was promoted to be Superintendent of Works, and then to be Chief Criminal Judge. He won great influence with his master, and did much to lighten the general misery. He so strengthened the power of the duke that neighboring states grew jealous. To sow dissension between duke and minister the men of Ch'i sent the duke a gift of singing girls. Such joy they gave him that for three days no court was held. On this Confucius left the land, 497 BCE.

For the next thirteen years Confucius wandered from land to land, followed by his disciples, seeking in vain for a ruler that was willing to employ him, and whom he was willing to serve. At times he was exposed to danger, at other times to want. But as a rule he was treated with consideration, although his teachings were ignored. Yet thirteen years of homeless wandering, of hopes deferred and frustrated, must have been hard to bear. When he left office Confucius was already fifty-three years old, and his life so far seemed a failure. The sense of his wasted powers may well have tempted him now and again to take office under an unworthy ruler; but knowing that no good could come of it he refrained, and probably he never seriously thought of doing so.

In 483 BCE, when Confucius was sixty-six years old, through the influence of his disciple Jan Yu, who was in the service of the Chi, the Master was invited to return to his native land. Here he remained till his death in 479 BCE. He had many interviews with the reigning duke and the head of the Chi clan, but gained no influence over either of them. So he turned once more to his favorite studies; edited the Book of Poetry — perhaps the most interesting collection of ancient songs extant — and wrote Spring and Autumn. His closing years were darkened by the loss of those dearest to him. First his son died, then Yen Yüan, the disciple whom he loved best. At his death the Master was overcome by grief, and he left none behind him that loved learning. Lastly Tzu-lu, the frank and bold, was killed in battle. A little later, in his seventy-first year, Confucius himself passed away, 479 BCE.

This book of the Master's Sayings is believed by the Chinese to have been written by the disciples of Confucius. But there is nothing to prove this, and some passages in the book point the other way. Book 8 speaks of the death of Tseng-tzu, who did not die till 437 BCE, forty-two years after the Master. The chief authority for the text as it stands today is a manuscript found in the house of Confucius in 150 BCE, hidden there, in all likelihood, between the years 213 and 211 BCE, when the reigning emperor was seeking to destroy every copy of the classics. We find no earlier reference to the book under its present name. But Mencius (372-289 BCE) quotes seven passages from it, in language all but identical with the present text, as the words of Confucius. No man ever talked the language of these sayings. Such pith and smoothness is only reached by a long process of rounding and polishing. We shall probably come no nearer to the truth than Legge's conclusion that the book was put together by the pupils of the disciples of Confucius, from the words and notebooks of their masters, about the year 400 BCE.

LEONARD A. LYALL.

AMALFI,

January, 1909




Footnotes

[F1] According to the great historian Ssu-ma Ch'ien. Other authorities say, 552 and 551 BCE.



Audio reading of James Legge's Confucian Analects in Chinese and English, provided by LibriVox, read by Jing Li.

Book 1. Xue Er 學而
Book 2. Wei Zheng 爲政
Book 3. Ba Yi 八佾
Book 4. Li Ren 里仁
Book 5. Gongye Chang 公冶長
Book 6. Yong Ye 雍也
Book 7. Shu Er 述而
Book 8. Tai Bo 泰伯
Book 9. Zi Nan 子罕
Book 10. Xiang Dang 鄕黨

Book 11. Xianjin 先進
Book 12. Yan Yuan 顏淵
Book 13. Zi Lu 子路
Book 14. Xian Wen 憲問
Book 15. Wei Ling Gong 衞靈公
Book 16. Ji shi 季氏
Book 17. Yang Huo 陽貨
Book 18. Weizi 微子
Book 19. Zi Zhang 子張
Book 20. Yao Yue 堯曰



A B C D F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T

W X Y Z



A

Ao Legendary, rowdy strong man of antiquity who met a violent end [14:6].

B

Bi Town in the state of Lu controlled by the Ji family [6:9, 11:25, 16:1, 17:5].

Bi Gan Uncle of Zhou, last ruler of the Yin dynasty, who was killed by Zhou because of his remonstrances [18:1].

Bi Xi Identity uncertain; started a revolution in Zhongmou in an area controlled by the state of Jin [17:7].

Bo Family of the state of Qi [14:10].

Bo Yi and Shu Qi Sons of the ruler of a small state in Yin times. Their father intended the younger, Shu Qi, to succeed him, but Shu Qi deferred to Bo Yi and both brothers left the state. When King Wu overthrew the Yin dynasty, they admonished him for his violence, withdrew to Mount Shouyang, and died there of starvation [5:23, 7:14, 16:12, 18:8].

Boniu See Ran Boniu.

Book of Changes (Yijing) Early text on divination, one of the Confucian Classics [7:16, 13:22].

Book of Documents (Shujing, or Classic of History) Collection of historical documents pertaining to ancient times, one of the Confucian Classics [2:21, 7:17, 14:42, 20:1].

Book of Odes (Shijing, or Classic of Poetry) Collection of poems of ancient times, one of the Confucian Classics [1:15, 2:2, 3:2, 3:20, 7:17, 8:3, 8:8, 9:15, 9:28, 9:32, 11:6, 12:10, 13:5, 14:41, 15:11, 16:13, 17:9, 17:10, 17:18].

Boqin Son of the duke of Zhou and first ruler of the state of Lu [18:10].

Boyu Personal name Li; son of Confucius [16:13, 17:10].

C

Cai Small state to the southwest of Lu visited by Confucius [11:2, 18:9].

Chai See Zigao.

Changju Farmer recluse [18:6].

Che Grandson of Duke Ling of Wei [7:14].

Chen Ministerial family of the state of Qi; identical to Tian [14:22].

Chen Small state to the southwest of Lu visited by Confucius [5:22, 7:30, 11:2, 15:2].

Chen Chengzi Official of the state of Qi who assassinated Duke Jian of Qi in 481 BCE [14:22].

Chen Gang See Ziqin.

Chen Heng See Chen Chengzi.

Chen Wen Zi Official of the state of Qi [5:19].

Chen Ziqin Perhaps identical to Ziqin [19:25].

Chi See Gongxi Zihua.

Chu Large and important state in the Yangzi Valley [5:19, 13:16, 18:5, 18:9].

Confucius (551–479 BCE) Latinized form of Kong fuzi, or Respected Master Kong; family name Kong, personal name Qiu, polite name Zhongni; often referred to simply as Zi, or the Master.

CUi Zi Official of the state of Qi who assassinated Duke Zhuang of Qi in 548 BCE [5:19].

D

Dan See Duke of Zhou.

Daxiang Village [9:2].

Deng Small state to the south of Lu [14:12].

Di Non-Chinese people who lived to the northwest of China [3:5, 13:19].

Documents See Book of Documents.

Duke Ai Ruler of the state of Lu (494–468 BCE) when power was in the hands of the Ji family [2:19, 3:21, 6:3, 12:9, 14:22].

Duke Ding Ruler of the state of Lu (509–495 BCE) [3:19, 13:15].

Duke Huan of Lu Ruler of the state of Lu and ancestor of the three branches of the Ji family [16:3].

Duke Huan of Qi Illustrious ruler of the state of Qi (685–643 BCE) [14:16–14:18].

Duke Jian of Qi Ruler of the state of Qi (484–481 BCE) who was assassinated by Chen Chengzi [14:22].

Duke Jing of Qi Ruler of the state of Qi (547–490 BCE) [12:11, 16:12, 18:3].

Duke Ling of Wei Ruler of the state of Wei (534–493 BCE) [6:28, 7:14, 14:20, 15:1].

Duke of Lu See Boqin.

Duke of Zhou Personal name Dan; younger brother of King Wu, founder of the Zhou dynasty, who was enfeoffed as the ruler of the state of Lu [3:15, 7:5, 8:11, 11:17, 13:7, 18:10].

Duke Wen of Jin Illustrious ruler of the state of Jin (636–628 BCE) [14:16].

Duke Zhao Ruler of the state of Lu (541–509 BCE) [7:30].

F

Fan Chi Disciple of Confucius [2:5, 6:22, 12:21, 12:22, 13:4, 13:19].

Fan Xu See Fan Chi.

Fang Shu Drummer [18:9].

G

Gan Musician [18:9].

Gao Chai See Zigao.

Gao Yao Minister to the sage ruler Shun [12:22].

Gao Zong Sage ruler of the Yin dynasty [14:42].

Gongbo Liao Identity uncertain [14:38].

Gongming Jia Identity unknown [14:14].

Gongshan Furao Retainer of the Ji family in the state of Lu who started a revolution in the region of Bi against the family in 502 BCE [17:5].

Gongshu Wenzi Official of the state of Wei, considerably older than Confucius [5:15, 14:14, 14:19, 14:20].

Hongsun Chao Official of the state of Wei [19:22].

Gongxi Hua See Gongxi Zihua.

Gongxi Zihua Personal name Chi; disciple of Confucius [5:8, 6:4, 7:33, 11:26].

Gongye Chang Son-in-law of Confucius [5:1].

Grand Music Master of Lu [3:23].

Grand Music Master Zhi [8:15, 18:9].

Guan Zhong Famous official under Duke Huan of Qi [3:22, 14:10, 14:17, 14:18].

H

Han Hand-drum player [18:9].

Hu Village whose location is uncertain [7:28].

Huan Tui Minister of war in the state of Song who threatened to kill Confucius [7:22].

Hui See Yan Yuan.

I

Invocator Tuo Noted for his eloquence [6:16, 14:20].

J

Ji Ancestor of the founders of the Zhou dynasty [14:6].

Ji Three ministerial families of the states of Lu and Wu descended from Duke Huan of Lu [3:1, 3:2, 3:6, 6:9, 7:30, 11:17, 12:2, 13:2, 14:22, 14:38, 16:1, 16:3, 17:1, 18:3].

Ji Huanzi Father of Ji Kangzi and head of the most important branch of the Ji family (505–492 BCE) [18:4].

Ji Kangzi Head of the Ji family (492–468 BCE) [2:20, 6:8, 10:12, 11:7, 12:17–12:19, 14:20].

Ji Li See King Wen.

Ji Sun See Ji Wen Zi.

Ji Wen Zi (D. 568 BCE) Posthumous name of Ji Sun Xingfu of the Ji family of Lu [5:20, 14:38].

Ji Zicheng Official of the state of Wei? [12:8].

Ji Ziran Member of the Ji family of Lu? [11:24].

Jie Yu Madman in the state of Chu [18:5].

Jieni Farmer recluse [18:6].

Jilu See Zilu.

Jin Powerful state in northeastern China [17:7].

Jing of Wei Ducal son of Wei [13:8].

Jiu Ducal son of Qi who was killed on orders from his brother, Duke Huan of Qi [14:17, 14:18].

Jizi, Viscount of Ji Uncle of Zhou, last ruler of the Yin dynasty [18:1].

Jufu Town in the state of Lu [13:17].

K

Kangshu Younger brother of the duke of Zhou who was enfeoffed as the ruler of the state of Wei [13:7].

King Wen Father of King Wu, founder of the Zhou dynasty [19:22].

King Wu Founder of the Zhou dynasty. Confucius regarded him and his father, King Wen, as the creators of Zhou culture [8:20, 13:7, 19:22, 20:1].

Kong Qiu See Confucius.

Kong Wenzi See Gongshu Wenzi.

Kuai Kui Son of Duke Ling of Wei [7:14].

Kuang Town whose inhabitants threatened Confucius [9:5, 11:23].

L

Lap Identity unknown [9:7].

Lesser Music Master Yang [18:9].

Li See Boyu.

Liao Musician [18:9].

Lin Fang Disciple of Confucius? [3:4, 3:6].

Liuxia Hui Official of the state of Lu before the time of Confucius who was much esteemed in the Confucian school [15:14, 18:2, 18:8].

Lord of She See Shen Juliang.

Lu See Tang.

Lu Small state in northeastern China that was the native state of Confucius [13:7].

M

Man Non-Chinese people who lived to the south of China [15:6].

Master Ran See Ran You.

Master You See You Ruo.

Master Zeng Prominent disciple of Confucius [1:4, 1:9, 4:15, 8:3–8:7, 11:18, 12:24, 14:28, 19:17–19:19].

Meng Senior branch of the Ji family of Lu [19:19].

Meng Gongchuo Member of the senior branch of the Ji family of Lu [14:12, 14:13].

Meng Jing Zi Son of Meng Wu Bo and official of the state of Lu [8:4].

Meng Wu Bo Son of Meng Yi Zi and official of the state of Lu [2:6, 5:8].

Meng Yi Zi Official of the state of Lu [2:5].

Meng Zhifan Official of the state of Lu [6:15].

Meng Zhuang Zi (D. 550 BCE) Distinguished official of the state of Lu [19:18].

Min Ziqian Disciple of Confucius [6:9, 11:3, 11:5, 11:13, 11:14].

Mo Non-Chinese people who lived to the north of China [15:6].

Mount Dongmeng Mountain in the Zhuanyu area of the state of Lu [16:1].

Mount Shouyang Mountain whose location is unknown [16:12].

Mount Tai Sacred mountain in the state of Qi [3:6].

Music Master Mian [15:42].

N

Nan Rong Disciple of Confucius, perhaps identical to Nangong Kuo [5:2, 11:6].

Nangong Kuo Identity uncertain [14:6].

Nanzi Wife of Duke Ling of Wei [6:28].

Ning Wu Zi Official of the state of Wei [5:21].

O

Odes See Book of Odes.

Old Peng Identity uncertain; perhaps a long-lived sage of antiquity [7:1].

P

Pi Chen Eminent official of the state of Zheng in the generation before that of Confucius [14:9].

Pian Village in the state of Qi [14:10].

Q

Qi Famous horse [14:35].

Qi Large and powerful state to the north of Lu [6:4, 7:13, 17:1, 18:3, 18:4, 18:9].

Qi (written with a different character from the name of the large state) Small state where descendants of the ruling family of the Xia dynasty were enfeoffed [3:9].

Qidiao Kai Disciple of Confucius [5:6].

Qin State in far western China [18:9].

Qiu See Confucius.

Qiu See Ran You.

Qu Boyu High official of the state of Wei [14:26, 15:7].

Que Musician [18:9].

Que Village in the state of Lu [14:46].

R

Ran Boniu Disciple of Confucius [6:10, 11:3].

Ran Qiu See Ran You.

Ran You Disciple of Confucius in service to the Ji family [3:6, 5:8, 6:4, 6:8, 6:12, 7:14, 11:3, 11:13, 11:17, 11:22, 11:24, 11:26, 13:9, 13:14, 14:13, 16:1].

Ru Bei Identity uncertain [17:20].

S

Shang See Zixia.

Shao Hu Supporter of the ducal son Jiu of Qi who died when Jiu was killed on orders from Duke Huan of Qi [14:17].

Shao Lian Recluse? [18:8].

Shen See Master Zeng.

Shen Cheng Identity uncertain [5:11].

Shen Juliang Lord or governor of the region of She and official of the state of Chu [7:18, 13:16, 13:18].

Shi See Zizhang.

Shi Shu Eminent official of the state of Zheng in the generation before that of Confucius [14:9].

Shi Yu Distinguished official of the state of Wei [15:7].

Shun Sage ruler of antiquity who ceded the throne to Yu, founder of the Xia dynasty [6:30, 8:18, 8:20, 12:22, 14:44, 15:5, 20:1].

Shusun Wushu Official of the state of Lu, some years younger than Confucius [19:23, 19:24].

Si See Zigong.

Sima Niu Brother of Huan Tui [12:3–12:5].

Song Small state to the south of Lu where descendants of the ruling family of the Yin dynasty were enfeoffed [3:9, 7:22].

Song Zhao Prince of the state of Song who was noted for his good looks [6:16].

Stone Gate Outer gate of the Lu capital [14:40].

T

Tai Bo Eldest brother of Ji Li, King Wen of Zhou. Knowing that his father wished to make Ji Li his heir, Tai Bo left the area of the Zhou people and settled on the coast in a region inhabited by non-Chinese tribes and founded the state of Wu. What Confucius means by “three times he relinquished the right to the empire” is unknown [8:1].

Tang Personal name Lu; founder of the Yin dynasty [20:1].

Tang See Yao.

Tang Dynasty ruled by Yao [12:22].

Tantai Mieming Identity unknown [6:14].

Tian Ministerial family of the state of Qi; identical to Chen [14:22].

W

Wangsun Jia Official of the state of Wei [3:13, 14:20].

Wei Small state immediately to the west of Lu [9:15: 13:3, 13:7, 13:9, 14:26, 14:41, 15:1, 19:22].

Weisheng Gao Identity uncertain [5:24].

Weisheng Mu Identity unknown [14:34].

Weizi, Viscount of Wei Half-brother of Zhou, last ruler of the Yin dynasty [18:1].

Wu Hand-drum player [18:9].

Wu Small state on the seacoast ruled by a family with the same Ji surname as the ruling family of Lu [7:30, 9:6].

Wu Mengzi Wife of Duke Zhao of Lu [7:30].

Wucheng Town in the state of Lu [6:14, 17:4].

Wuma Qi Identity uncertain; perhaps a disciple of Confucius or a member of his circle [7:30].

X

Xian See Yuan Si.

Xiang Chiming-stones player [18:9].

Xue Small state near Lu [14:12].

Y

Yan Lu Father of Yan Yuan [11:8].

Yan Pingzhong Distinguished official of the state of Qi [5:17].

Yan Ying See Yan Pingzhong.

Yan Yuan Personal name Hui; distinguished disciple of Confucius who died young [5:26, 6:7, 6:11, 7:10, 8:5, 9:11, 9:20–9:22, 11:3, 11:4, 11:7–11:11, 11:19, 11:23, 12:1, 15:11].

Yang Fu Chief judge of the state of Lu [19:19].

Yang Hu Military leader and official in service to the Ji family who led a revolt and was forced to flee to the state of Qi [9:5, 17:1, 17:5].

Yang Huo Usually regarded as identical to Yang Hu [17:1].

Yao Sage ruler of antiquity who ceded the throne to Shun [6:30, 8:19, 14:44, 20:1].

Yi Legendary, rowdy archer of antiquity who met a violent end [14:6].

Yi Non-Chinese people who lived to the east of China [3:5, 13:19].

Yi Area in the state of Wei [3:24].

Yi Yi Recluse [18:8].

Yi Yin Minister who assisted Tang, founder of the Yin dynasty [12:22].

Yong See Zhonggong Ran Yong.

You See Zilu.

You Ruo Disciple of Confucius [1:2, 1:12, 1:13, 12:9].

Yu Sage ruler, successor to Shun, and founder of the Xia dynasty. He is associated with flood control and encouragement of agriculture [8:18, 8:20, 8:21, 14:6, 20:1].

Yu See Shun.

Yu Zhong Younger brother of Tai Bo [18:8].

Yuan Rang Old friend of Confucius [14:45].

Yuan Si Disciple of Confucius [6:5, 14:1, 14:2].

Z

Zai Wo Disciple of Confucius [3:21, 5:10, 6:26, 11:3, 17:21].

Zai Yu See Zai Wo.

Zang Wenzhong (D. 617 BCE) Prime minister of the state of Lu [5:18, 14:13, 15:14].

Zang Wuzhong Grandson of Zang Wenzhong and official of the state of Lu [14:15].

Zeng Can See Master Zeng.

Zeng Shen See Master Zeng.

Zeng Xi Father of Zeng Shen [11:26].

Zhao Powerful family of the state of Jin [14:12].

Zheng Small state to the west of Lu [14:9, 15:11, 17:18].

Zhonggong Ran Yong Disciple of Confucius [6:6, 12:2, 13:2].

Zhongmou Area controlled by the state of Jin [17:7].

Zhongni See Confucius.

Zhongshu Yu See Gongshu Wenzi.

Zhongyou See Zilu.

Zhou (written with a different character from the name of the dynasty) Last ruler of the Yin dynasty who is depicted in legend as a tyrant [18:1, 19:20].

Zhou Ren Wise man of antiquity [16:1].

Zhu Zhang Recluse [18:8].

Zhuan Official of the state of Wei [14:19].

Zhuangzi of Pian Noted for his valor [14:13].

Zhuanyu Small feudal domain in the state of Lu [16:1].

Zichan of Dongli Prime minister of the state of Zheng in the generation before that of Confucius who was much admired by Confucius [5:16, 14:9, 14:10].

Zifu Jingbo Official in service to the Ji family [14:38, 19:23].

Zigao Disciple of Confucius and steward of Bi [11:18, 11:25].

Zigong Personal name Si; prominent disciple of Confucius [1:10, 1:15, 2:13, 3:17, 5:4, 5:9, 5:13, 5:15, 6:8, 6:30, 7:14, 9:6, 9:13, 11:3, 11:13, 11:16, 11:19, 12:7, 12:8, 12:23, 13:20, 13:24, 14:18, 14:30, 14:31, 14:37, 15:3, 15:10, 15:24, 17:19, 17:24, 19:20–19:25].

Zihua See Gongxi Zihua.

Zijian Disciple of Confucius [5:3].

Zilu Personal name You; prominent disciple of Confucius. Steward to the Ji family, later in service to the ruler of the state of Wei, he died while fighting in Wei in 480 BCE [2:17, 5:7, 5:8, 5:14, 5:26, 6:8, 6:28, 7:10, 7:18, 7:34, 9:12, 9:27, 9:28, 10:22, 11:13, 11:15, 11:18, 11:22, 11:24, 11:25, 11:26, 12:12, 13:1, 13:3, 13:28, 14:13, 14:17, 14:23, 14:38, 14:40, 14:44, 15:2, 15:4, 16:1, 17:5, 17:7, 17:8, 17:23, 18:6, 18:7].

Ziqin Disciple of Confucius [1:10, 16:13].

Zisang Bozi Identity unknown [6:2].

Zixi Official of the state of Chu [14:10].

Zixia Personal name Shang; prominent disciple of Confucius [1:7, 2:8, 3:8, 6:13, 11:3, 11:16, 12:5, 12:22, 13:17, 19:3–19:13].

Ziyou Disciple of Confucius and steward of Wucheng [2:7, 4:26, 6:14, 11:3, 17:4, 19:12, 19:14, 19:15].

Ziyu Eminent official of the state of Zheng in the generation before that of Confucius [14:9].

Ziwen Prime minister of the state of Chu [5:19].

Zizhang Personal name Shi; prominent disciple of Confucius [2:18, 2:23, 5:19, 11:16, 11:18, 11:20, 12:6, 12:10, 12:14, 12:20, 14:42, 15:6, 15:42, 17:6, 19:1–19:3, 19:15, 19:16, 20:4].

Zou Birthplace of the father of Confucius [3:15].

Zuoqiu Ming Identity uncertain [5:25].



A C F H J K L M N P S T W Y



A

Ai Duke of Lu, name Chiang, reigned 494-68 BCE;
[2:19] asks how to make his people loyal;
[3:21] asks Tsai Wo about the shrines to guardian spirits;
[6:2] asks which disciples are fond of learning;
[12:9] asks what to do in this year of dearth;
[14:22] does not avenge the murder of Duke of Ch'i.

Ao [14:6] a man of the Hsia dynasty famous for his strength.

C

Chang [19:15-16] = Tzu-chang, whom see.

Chao [6:14] Prince of Sung, his beauty.

Chao Duke of Lu, reigned 541-10 BCE;
[7:30] (and note), the Master deems him well bred.

Chao one of the great families that governed the state of Chin;
[14:12] Meng Kung-ch'o, fit to be steward of.

Chao-nan [17:10] the first book of the Book of Poetry, a collection of old Chinese songs.

Cheng a state of ancient China;
[15:10] its wanton music;
[17:18] its strains confound sweet music.

Chi, or Chi-sun one of the three great houses of Lu, who had grasped all power in the state. The others were Meng-sun and Shu-sun. They were all descended from Duke Huan by a concubine.

Chi the Chi head of the Chi clan, first Chi Huan and then Chi K'ang;
[3:1] had eight rows of dancers in his hall;
[3:6] worshipped on Mount T'ai;
[6:7] wishes to make Min Tzu-ch'ien governor of Pi;
[11:16] richer than the Duke of Chou;
[8:2] Chung-kung is his steward;
[16:1] is about to chastise Chuan-yü;
[18:3] Ching, Duke of Ch'i, would set him above Confucius.

Chi [14:6] = Hou Chi, director of husbandry under the Emperor Yao, and ancestor of the Chou dynasty.

Chi [3:9] a small state.

Chi [18:1] another small state. Lord of Chi: an uncle of the tyrant Chou, last of the Yin dynasty. He was imprisoned for chiding the emperor, and to escape death feigned madness.

Chi Huan head of the Chi clan + 491 BCE;
[18:4] accepts singing girls from Ch'i.

Chi-kua [18:11] an officer of Chou.

Chi K'ang of the great house of Chi of Lu, succeeded Chi Huan as chief, 491 BCE. (see note to [12:17]);
[2:20] told how to make the people respectful, faithful, and willing;
[6:6] asks whether certain disciples were fit for power;
[10:11] presents the Master with medicine;
[11:6] asks which disciples were fond of learning;
[12:17] asks how to rule;
[12:18] is vexed by robbers;
[12:19] asks whether we should kill the bad;
[14:20] asks how Duke Ling escapes ruin.

Chi-lu another name for Tzu-lu.

Chi-sui [18:11] an officer of Chou.

Chi-sun [14:38] or Chi (which see), probably Chi Huan, the head of the house.

Chi Tzu-ch'eng [12:8] a lord of Wei, says, A gentleman is all nature.

Chi Tzu-jan younger brother of Chi Huan;
[11:23] asks whether Yu and Ch'iu are statesmen.

Chi Wen [5:19] a lord of Lu, thought thrice before acting.

Chieh-ni [18:6] says the world is a seething torrent.

Chieh-yü [18:5] a famous man of Ch'u, who, disapproving of his king's conduct, supported himself by husbandry, and feigned madness in order to escape being forced into the king's service.

Chien [14:22] Duke of Ch'i, murdered by Ch'en Ch'eng 481 BCE.

Chih music-master of Lu; [8:15] how grand was the ending of the Kuan-chü in his day;
[18:9] went to Ch'i.

Chin [14:16] an ancient state. Duke Wen of Chin was deep but dishonest.

Ching Duke of Ch'i. Confucius was in Ch'i in 517 BCE;
[12:11] asks what is kingcraft;
[16:12] had a thousand teams of horses, but no man praised him;
[18:3] would set Confucius between the Chi and the Meng.

Ching [13:8] of ducal house of Wei, was wise in his private life.

Chiu brother of Duke Huan of Ch'i;
[14:17-18] slain by his brother.

Chou the reigning dynasty in Confucius's time, [2:23; 3:14, 21; 15:10, 18:11].

Chou [8:20] = King Wen.

Chou [20:1] = King Wu.

Chou the Duke of see note to [7:5];
[7:5] Confucius sees him no more in his dreams;
[8:11] his gifts, if coupled with pride and meanness, would not be worth a glance;
[11:16] the Chi richer than he;
[18:10] his instructions to his son.

Chou, or Chou Hsin (reigned 1154-22 BCE), the last emperor of the house of Yin, an infamous tyrant, finally overthrown by King Wu, when he perished in his burning palace;
[19:20] his wickedness was not so great.

Chou Jen an ancient worthy;
[16:1] said, He that can put forth his strength....

Chu-chang [18:8] a man who fled the world.

Chuan-yü a small state in Lu, tributary to Lu;
[16:1] the Chi proposes to chastise it.

Chuang of Pien [14:13] his boldness.

Chung-hu [18:11] an officer of Chou.

Chung-kung a disciple of Confucius: name Jan Yung, style Chung-kung, born 523 BCE;
[5:4] said to have a glib tongue;
[6:1] might fill the seat of a prince: his views on laxity;
[6:4] likened to the red calf of a brindled cow;
[11:2] was of noble life;
[12:2] asks what is love;
[13:2] when steward of the Chi asks how to rule.

Chung-mou a town in Chin, belonging to the Chao family;
[17:7] held by Pi Hsi in rebellion.

Chung-ni [19:22-23] = Confucius.

Chung-shu Yü minister of Wei, son of K'ung-wen;
[14:20] in charge of the guests.

Chung-tu [18:11] an officer of Chou.

Chung Yu see Tzu-lu.

Chü-fu [13:17] a town in Lu, Tzu-hsia governor of it.

Chüeh [18:9] bandmaster of Lu, went to Ch'in.

Ch'ai a disciple of Confucius, name Kao Ch'ai, style Tzu-kao;
[11:17] is simple;
[11:24] made governor of Pi.

Ch'ang-chü [18:6] says Confucius knows the ford.

Ch'en a state in China; [5:21, 11:2, 15:1]

Ch'en judge of; [7:30] asks whether Duke Chao was well bred.

Ch'en Ch'eng posthumous title of Ch'en Heng, minister of Ch'i;
[14:22] murders Duke Chien of Ch'i.

Ch'en K'ang [16:13] = Tzu-ch'in, whom see.

Ch'en Tzu-ch'in = Tzu-ch'in, whom see.

Ch'en Wen a lord of Ch'i;
[5:18] forsook his land when Ts'ui murdered the king.

Ch'i a state in ancient China, [7:13, 18:3, 9];
[5:18] its king slain by Ts'ui;
[6:3] Tzu-hua sent there;
[6:22] by a single revolution might equal Lu;
[14:16] Duke Huan of, was honest but shallow;
[16:12] Duke Ching of, had a thousand teams of horses;
[18:4] the men of, send singing girls to Chi Huan.

Ch'i-tiao K'ai a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-jo;
[5:5] wants confidence to take office.

Ch'ih the name of Kung-hsi Hua, whom see.

Ch'in a state in western China, [18:9].

Ch'iu the name of Jan Yu, whom see; [14:34] the name of Confucius.

Ch'u an ancient state, [18:5, 9].

Ch'ü Po-yü minister of Wei, a friend of Confucius, who stayed with him when in Wei;
[14:26] sends an envoy to Confucius;
[15:6] what a gentleman he was!

Ch'üeh a village;
[14:47] a lad from, made messenger by Confucius.

F

Fan Ch'ih a disciple of Confucius, name Fan Hsü, style Tzu-ch'ih;
[2:5] asks meaning of obedience to parents;
[6:20] asks what is wisdom, and love;
[12:21] asks how to raise the mind;
[12:22] asks what is love, and wisdom;
[13:4] asks to be taught husbandry;
[13:19] asks what is love.

Fang [14:15] a town of Lu, a fief in the hands of Tsang Wu-chung.

Fang-shu [18:9] drum-master of Lu, crossed the river.

H

Han [18:9] the river that enters the Yangtze at Hankow.

Hsia = China, also the name of a dynasty, [2:23, 3:9, 21, 15:10].

Hsiang [18:9] who played the sounding stones, crossed the sea.

Hsieh [14:12] a small state: Meng Kung-ch'o not fit to be minister of.

Hsien [14:1] see Yüan Ssu.

Hsien [14:19] steward to Kung-shu Wen; goes to court with him.

Hu [7:28] a village: it was ill talking to the people of.

Huan, the three;
[16:3] the three sons of Duke Huan of Lu, from whom the families of Meng, Shu, and Chi were descended, as also the powerless reigning duke of Lu.

Huan, Duke of Ch'i see note to [14:17];
[14:16] was honest but shallow;
[14:17-18] slays the young duke Chiu.

Huan T'ui [7:22] an officer of Sung, cannot harm the Master, if Heaven protect him.

Hui see Yen Yüan.

J

Jan Ch'iu see Jan Yu.

Jan Po-niu a disciple of Confucius, name Jan Keng, style Po-niu, born 544 BCE; [11:2] was of noble life.

Jan Yu a disciple of Confucius, name Jan Ch'in, style Tzu-yu, born 520 BCE;
[3:6] cannot stop the Chi worshipping on Mount T'ai;
[5:7] the Master cannot say that he has love;
[6:3] gives Tzu-hua's mother grain;
[6:6] has ability and so is fit to govern;
[6:10] lacks strength to follow Confucius;
[7:14] asks whether the Master is for the King of Wei;
[11:2] was a statesman;
[11:12] was fresh and frank;
[11:16] is tax-gatherer to the Chi;
[11:21] asks whether he shall do all that he is taught;
[11:23] is a tool, not a statesman;
[11:25] wishes for charge of sixty, or seventy, square miles;
[13:9] drives the Master towards Wei;
[13:14] says business of state detained him at court;
[14:13] his skill;
[16:1] is minister to the Chi, when he proposes to attack Chuan-yü.

Ju Pei an officer of Lu, who had been taught by Confucius;
[17:20] wishes to see Confucius, who pleads sickness.

K

Kan [18:9] music-master of Lu, went to Ch'u.

Kao-tsung the Emperor Wu Ting of the house of Yin, reigned 1324-1265 BCE;
[14:43] on the death of his predecessor did not speak for three years.

Kao-yao [12:22] made criminal judge by Shun and evil vanished.

Kuan Chung personal name Yi-wu, chief minister to Duke Huan of Ch'i, + 645 BCE: see notes to [3:22, 14:17];
[3:22] Confucius calls him shallow;
[14:10] he thrust the Po from the town of Pien;
[14:17] would not die with the young duke Chiu;
[14:18] should he have drowned in a ditch?

Kung-ch'o [14:13] see Meng Kung-ch'o.

Kung-hsi Hua a disciple of Confucius, name Kung-hsi Ch'ih, style Tzu-hua, born in Lu, 510 BCE. He was entrusted with the management of the Master's funeral;
[5:7] the Master cannot say whether he has love;
[6:3] sent to Ch'i; Confucius is asked to give his mother grain;
[7:33] says the disciples cannot learn the Master's endless craving;
[11:21] is puzzled by the Master's different answers;
[11:24] would like to play an humble part in Ancestral Temple.

Kung-ming Chia a man of Wei;
[14:14] says Kung-shu Wen speaks when it is time to speak.

Kung-shan Fu-jao [17:5] a confederate of Yang Huo, held Pi in rebellion.

Kung-shu the name of a great family in Wei.

Kung-shu Wen of the above family, a minister of Wei;
[14:14] said not to speak, or laugh, or take a gift;
[14:19] goes to court with his ex-steward.

Kung-sun Ch'ao [19:22] asks, 'Where did Confucius get his learning?'

Kung-yeh Ch'ang a disciple of Confucius;
[5:1] married to Confucius's daughter, though he had been in prison.

K'ang [10:11] see Chi K'ang.

K'uang [9:5];
[11:22] a place where the Master was affrighted.

K'ung Ch'iu [18:6] Confucius's name in Chinese. His style was Chung-ni.

K'ung-wen the posthumous title of K'ung Yü, a lord of Wei;
[5:14] why he was styled cultured.

L

Lao a disciple of Confucius, name Ch'in Lao, style Tzu-k'ai;
[9:6] quotes the Master's saying that he learned a trade.

Li [11:7] Confucius's son: see Po-yü.

Li [20:1] = T'ang, whom see.

Liao the duke's uncle [14:38] a man of Lu, slanders Tzu-lu.

Liao [18:9] bandmaster of Lu, went to Ts'ai.

Lin Fang [3:4] a man of Lu, asks what gives life to ceremony; [3:6] he and Mount T'ai.

Ling, Duke of Wei the husband of Nan-tzu [6:26], reigned 533-492 BCE;
[14:20] his wickedness;
[15:1] asks about the line of battle.

Liu-hsia Hui flourished about 600 BCE: see note to [15:13];
[15:13] Tsang Wen would not stand by him;
[18:2] was thrice dismissed when judge;
[18:8] bent his will and shamed the body.

Lu the native state of Confucius, [3:23, 5:2, 6:22, 9:14-13, 3:7, 14:15].

Lu Duke of, [18:10] the son of the Duke of Chou.

M

Meng, or Meng-sun one of the three great families that were all-powerful in Lu.

Meng [18:3] the head of the Meng clan, Meng Yi.

Meng, the [19:19] makes Yang Fu criminal judge.

Meng Chih-fan [6:13] a lord of Lu, never bragged.

Meng Ching son of Meng Wu, a lord of Lu;
[8:4] comes to ask after the dying Tseng-tzu.

Meng Chuang [19:18] head of the Meng clan, his piety.

Meng Kung-ch'o head of the Meng clan, minister of Lu;
[14:12] not fit to be minister of T'eng or Hsieh;
[14:12] his greedlessness.

Meng Wu posthumous name of Meng Hsi, a lord of Lu, son of Meng Yi;
[2:6] told that his parents are concerned for his health;
[5:7] asks whether certain disciples have love.

Meng Yi the posthumous name of Ho-chi, head of the Meng-sun, or Chung-sun, clan in Lu: a contemporary of Confucius;
[2:5] asks the duty of a son;
[18:3] Ching, Duke of Ch'i, would set him below Confucius.

Mien [15:41] a blind music-master of Lu, comes to see Confucius.

Min Tzu-ch'ien a disciple of Confucius, name Min Sun, style Tzu-ch'ien;
[6:7] would rather cross the Wen than be governor of Pi;
[11:2] was of noble life;
[11:4] how good a son he was!
[11:12] his winning strength;
[11:13] does not talk, but what he says hits the mark.

N

Nan Jung a disciple of Confucius;
[5:1] given Confucius's niece as wife;
[11:5] would thrice repeat The Sceptre White.

Nan-kung Kuo a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-jung, perhaps the same man as Nan Jung;
[14:6] how he prizes worth.

Nan-tzu wife of Ling, Duke of Wei, a dissolute woman;
[6:26] Confucius sees her.

Ning Wu posthumous title of Ning Yü, a lord of Wei;
[5:20] such simplicity as his is beyond our reach.

P

Pi a town of Lu, belonging to the Chi;
[6:7] Min Tzu-ch'ien refuses the governorship of;
[11:24] Tzu-kao made governor of;
[16:1] Chuan-yü is strong and close to Pi;
[17:5] held in rebellion by Kung-shan Fu-jao.

Pi Hsi governor of Chung-mou in Chin for the family of Chao;
[17:7] summons Confucius.

Pi-kan uncle of the tyrant Chou (reigned 1154-22 BCE), last of the house of Yin;
[18:1] died for his reproofs.

Pien [14:10] a town in Lu given to Kuan Chung.

Po, the [14:10] a lord of Ch'i. Duke Huan takes from him the town of Pien and gives it to Kuan Chung.

Po-kuo [18:11] an officer of Chou.

Po-niu a disciple of Confucius, name Jan Keng, style Po-niu, born 544 BCE;
[6:8] why should he die of such an illness?

Po-ta [18:11] an officer of Chou.

Po-yi elder brother of Shu-ch'i, lived in twelfth century BCE; see note to [5:22];
[5:22] never recalled past wickedness;
[7:14] did not rue the past;
[16:12] men still sound his praises;
[17:8] would not bend the will.

Po-yü Confucius's son;
[11:7] buried without an outer coffin;
[16:13] told by his father to study poetry and courtesy;
[17:10] asked whether he had done the Chou-nan.

P'eng [7:1] a man of the Shang dynasty: Confucius likens himself to him.

P'i Shen [14:9] a lord of Cheng, who drafted the decrees.

S

Shang the name of Tzu-hsia, whom see.

Shao the music of the time of Shun; [3:25] its beauty; [7:13] after hearing it the Master knew not the taste of meat for three months;
[15:10] choose for music the Shao and its dance.

Shao Hu a man of Ch'i: see note to [14:17];
[14:17] died with the young duke Chiu.

Shao-lien a man supposed to have belonged to the savage tribes of eastern China;
[18:8] he shamed the body.

Shao-nan [17:10] the second book of the Book of Poetry.

She a district in Ch'u.

She, Duke of [7:18] asks Tzu-lu about Confucius, and is not answered;
[13:16] asks about government;
[13:18] says in his home an upright son bears witness against his father.

Shen the name of Tseng-tzu, whom see.

Shen Ch'ang a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-chou;
[5:10] is passionate, cannot be firm.

Shih [11:15] = Tzu-chang, whom see.

Shih-men a pass on the frontier of Ch'i;
[14:41] Tzu-lu spends a night there.

Shih-shu [14:9] a lord of Cheng, criticised the decrees.

Shou-yang [16:12] a mountain: Po-yi and Shu-Ch'i died at its foot.

Shu-ch'i younger brother of Po-yi, whom see.

Shu-hsia [18:11] an officer of Chou.

Shu-sun Wu-shu chief of the Shu-sun, Meng-sun, or Meng family, one of the three great houses of Lu, who controlled the state;
[19:23] says Tzu-kung is greater than Confucius; [19:24] decries Confucius.

Shu-yeh [18:11] an officer of Chou.

Shun an emperor, successor of Yao (reigned 2255-05 BCE);
[6:28] still yearned to treat all with bounty;
[8:18] it was sublime how he swayed the world and made light of it;
[8:20] had five ministers, and order reigned;
[12:22] raised Kao-yao, and evil vanished;
[14:45] still struggled to bring peace to all men;
[15:4] ruled doing nothing;
[20:1] his instructions from Yao on coming to the throne.

Ssu-ma Niu a disciple of Confucius, name Ssu-ma Keng, style Tzu-niu, a brother of Huan T'ui;
[12:3] asks what is love;
[12:4] asks what is a gentleman;
[12:5] his sorrow at having no brothers.

Sung a state, [3:9, 6:14].

T

Ta-hsiang [9:2] a village: a man from, says Confucius has made no name.

Tan-t'ai Mieh-ming a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-yü;
[6:12] would not take a short cut.

Tien [11:25] = Tseng Hsi, whom see.

Ting, Duke ruler of Lu, whilst Confucius was in office, reigned 509-495 BCE;
[3:19] asks how kings should treat ministers;
[8:15] asks whether any one saying can bless a kingdom.

Tsai Wo a disciple of Confucius, name Tsai Yü, style Tzu-wo, died 480 BCE;
[3:21] explains what trees were planted round the shrines of guardian spirits;
[5:9] slept in the daytime;
[6:24] asks whether a man who loves would go down a well;
[11:2] was a talker;
[17:21] thought one year's mourning enough.

Tsai Yü see Tsai Wo.

Tsang Wen a minister of Lu;
[5:17] lodged his tortoise in a sculptured house;
[15:13] filched his post.

Tsang Wu-chung a minister of Lu, in the time of Confucius's father; [14:13] his wisdom; [14:15] forces his king's hand.

Tseng Hsi a disciple of Confucius, name Tseng Tien, style Hsi, the father of Tseng-tzu;
[11:25] the Master sides with him in his wish.

Tseng-tzu (the Master, or philosopher Tseng), a disciple of Confucius, name Tseng Shen, style Tzu-yü, born in Lu, 505 BCE, died 437 BCE;
[1:4] questions himself thrice daily;
[1:9] tells how to revive the good in men;
[4:15] says Master's teaching hangs on faithfulness and fellow-feeling;
[8:3] when sick tells his disciples to uncover his feet and arms;
[8:4] says when man must die his words are good;
[8:5] when we can, to ask those that cannot;
[8:6] says a man is a gentleman if no crisis can corrupt him;
[8:7] says a knight had need be strong and bold;
[11:17] is dull;
[12:24] says a gentleman gathers friends by culture;
[14:38] says a gentleman is bent on keeping his place;
[19:16] says Tzu-chang is so magnificent;
[19:17] says man shows what is in him in mourning a near one;
[19:18] says Meng Chuang in not changing his father's rule is hard to rival;
[19:19] tells Yang Fu not to be puffed with joy.

Tso Ch'iu-ming [5:24] an ancient, his view of what is shameful.

Tung Meng or East Meng, a mountain in Lu, at the foot of which lay the small state of Chuan-yü, whose ruler had the right to sacrifice to the mountain, [16:1].

Tzu-chang a disciple of Confucius, name Chuan-sun Shih, style Tzu-chang, born 504 BCE; [2:18] told how pay comes;
[2:23] told how far the future can be known;
[5:18] asks whether Tzu-wen had love;
[11:15] goes too far;
[11:17] is smooth;
[11:19] asks the way of a good man;
[12:6] asks what is insight;
[12:10] asks how to raise the mind;
[12:14] asks what is kingcraft;
[12:20] asks what is eminence;
[14:43] asks what is meant by Kao-tsung not speaking for three years;
[15:5] asks how to get on;
[15:41] asks, 'Is this the way to treat a music-master?'
[17:6] asks what is love;
[19:1] defines a knight;
[19:2] says goodness blindly clutched is nought;
[19:3] asked about friendship by Tzu-hsia's disciples;
[19:15] Tzu-yu thinks him void of love;
[19:16] his magnificence;
[20:2] asks how men should be governed.

Tzu-chien a disciple of Confucius, name Fu Pu-ch'i, style Tzu-chien;
[5:2] what a gentleman he is!

Tzu-ch'an chief minister of Cheng in the time of Confucius;
[5:15] the four things that marked him a gentleman;
[14:9] gave the final touches to the decrees;
[14:10] a kind-hearted man.

Tzu-ch'in a disciple of Confucius, name Ch'en K'ang, style Tzu-ch'in, or Tzu-k'ang, born 512 BCE;
[1:10] asks how the Master learns how lands are governed;
[16:13] asks whether Po-yü had heard anything uncommon from his father;
[19:25] says the Master is no greater than Tzu-kung.

Tzu-fu Ching-po minister to the Chi;
[14:38] has strength to expose Liao's body in the market-place;
[19:23] tells Tzu-kung that Shu-sun thinks him greater than Confucius.

Tzu-hsi [14:10] chief minister to the state of Ch'u. He refused to be appointed successor to the throne in place of the true heir; but did not oppose his master's faults, and prevented him employing Confucius.

Tzu-hsia a disciple of Confucius, name Pu Shang, style Tzu-hsia, born 507 BCE;
[1:7] says a man who knows how to do his duty is learned;
[2:8] told that a son's manner is of importance;
[3:8] the Master can talk of poetry to him;
[6:11] told to read to become a gentleman;
[11:2] was a man of culture;
[11:15] does not go far enough;
[12:5] says all within the four seas are brethren;
[12:22] says Shun raised Kao-yao, and evil vanished;
[13:17] when governor of Chü-fu asks how to rule;
[19:3] says cling to worthy friends;
[19:4] says small ways end in mire;
[19:5] says he who recalls each day his faults is fond of learning;
[19:6] says in wide learning and singleness of aim love is found;
[19:7] says through study a gentleman reaches truth;
[19:8] says the vulgar gloss their faults;
[19:9] says a gentleman alters thrice;
[19:10] says a gentleman will not lay on burdens before he is trusted;
[19:11] says if we keep within the bounds of honor, we may ignore propriety;
[19:12] says, Should a gentleman's training bewilder him?
[19:13] says a scholar with his spare strength should serve the crown.

Tzu-hua see Kung-hsi Hua.

Tzu-kao [12:24] see Ch'ai.

Tzu-kung a disciple of Confucius, name Tuan-mu Tz'u, style Tzu-kung, born 520 BCE;
[1:10] tells how the Master learns about government;
[1:15] asks were it well to be poor but no flatterer;
[2:13] told that a gentleman sorts words to deeds;
[3:17] wishes to do away with sheep offering at new moon;
[5:3] is a vessel;
[5:8] cannot aspire to Yen Yüan;
[5:11] wishes not to do unto others what he would not wish done to him;
[5:12] not allowed to hear the Master on life or the Way of Heaven;
[5:14] asks why K'ung-wen was styled cultured;
[6:6] is intelligent, and so fit to govern;
[6:28] asks whether to treat the people with bounty were love;
[7:14] will ask the Master whether he is for the King of Wei;
[9:6] says the Master is many sided;
[9:12] asks whether a beautiful stone should be hidden away;
[11:2] was a talker;
[11:12] was fresh and frank;
[11:15] asks whether Shih or Shang is the better man;
[11:18] hoards up substance;
[12:7] asks what is kingcraft;
[12:8] says no team overtakes the tongue;
[12:23] asks about friends;
[13:20] asks what is a good crown servant;
[13:24] asks were it right for a man to be liked by all;
[14:18] thinks Kuan Chung showed want of love;
[14:31] would compare one man with another;
[14:37] asks what the Master means by no man knowing him;
[15:2] thinks the Master a man who learns much;
[15:9] asks how to attain to love;
[15:23] asks whether one word can cover the duty of man;
[17:19] says were Master silent, what could disciples tell;
[17:24] asks whether a gentleman hates;
[19:20] says the wickedness of Chou was not so great;
[19:21] says a prince's faults are like the darkening of sun or moon;
[19:22] says the lore of Wen and Wu lives in men;
[19:23] Shu-sun thinks him greater than Confucius;
[19:24] says the Master cannot be cried down;
[19:25] says none can come up to the Master.
Tzu-lu a disciple of Confucius, name Chung Yu, style Tzu-lu, or Chi-lu, born 543 BCE, died 484 BCE;
[2:17] told what is understanding;
[5:6] the Master would take him with him to scour the seas;
[5:7] the Master cannot say that he has love;
[5:13] before he could carry a thing out, dreaded to hear more;
[5:25] tells his wishes;
[6:6] is firm, and so could govern;
[6:26] displeased at Master seeing Nan-tzu;
[7:10] asks the Master whom he would like to help him command an army;
[7:18] does not answer the Duke of She's question about Master;
[7:34] asks leave to pray when the Master is ill;
[9:11] makes disciples act as ministers;
[9:26] would stand unabashed in a tattered cloak;
[10:18] gets on scent with Master;
[11:2] was a statesman;
[11:11] asks about death;
[11:12] will die before his time;
[11:14] what has his lute to do twanging at Master's door?
[11:17] is coarse;
[11:21] asks shall he carry out all that he learns;
[11:23] is a tool, not a statesman;
[11:24] the Master hates his glib tongue;
[11:25] wishes for charge of a state crushed by great neighbors;
[12:12] never slept over a promise;
[13:1] asks how to rule;
[13:3] says King of Wei looks to the Master to govern;
[13:28] asks when can a man be called a knight;
[14:13] asks what were a full-grown man;
[14:17] says Kuan Chung showed want of love;
[14:23] asks how to serve the king;
[14:38] slandered by Liao;
[14:41] spends a night at Shih-men;
[14:45] asks what is a gentleman;
[15:1] cannot hide his vexation;
[15:3] told how few know great-heartedness;
[16:1] is minister to the Chi, when he proposes to attack Chuan-yü;
[17:5] asks how could the Master join Kung-shan;
[17:7] asks how could the Master join Pi Hsi;
[17:8] asked has he heard the six words and the six they sink into;
[17:23] asks does a gentleman honor courage;
[18:6] asks Ch'ang-chü where the ford is;
[18:7] meets an old man bearing a basket.

Tzu-sang Po-tzu [6:1] a man of Lu, is lax.

Tzu-wen [5:18] chief minister of Ch'u, his characteristics.

Tzu-yu a disciple of Confucius, name Yen Yen, style Tzu-yu, born 510 BCE;
[2:7] told that feeding parents is not the whole duty of a son;
[4:26] says nagging at princes brings disgrace;
[6:12] when governor of Wu-ch'eng has Tan-t'ai Mieh-ming;
[11:2] was a man of culture;
[17:4] encourages music in Wu-ch'eng;
[19:12] says Tzu-hsia's disciples can sprinkle the floor;
[19:14] says mourning should only stretch to grief;
[19:15] says Tzu-chang is void of love.

Tzu-yü [14:9] a lord of Cheng, polished the decrees.

T'ai a mountain, [3:6].

T'ai-po eldest son of King T'ai of Chou. His brother was the father of King Wen, whose son King Wu dethroned Chou Hsin and founded the Chou dynasty, that was reigning in China in Confucius's time: see note to [8:1];
[8:1] thrice he declined the throne.

T'ang [8:20] the dynastic title of the Emperor Yao.

T'ang the founder of the Shang dynasty, reigned 1766-53 BCE; [12:22] raised Yi-yin, and evil vanished;
[20:1] his form of prayer.

T'eng [14:12] a small state: Meng Kung-ch'o not fit to be minister of.

T'o an officer of Wei holding a post in the temple;
[6:14] his glibness;
[14:20] in charge of Ancestral Temple.

Ts'ai a state, [11:2, 28:9].

Ts'ui [5:18] a lord of Ch'i, murdered his lord, 547 BCE.

Tz'u see Tzu-kung.

W

Wang-sun Chia a minister of Wei;
[3:13] thinks it best to court the kitchen god;
[14:20] in charge of the troops.

Wei one of the three great families that governed the state of Chin;
[14:12] Meng Kung-ch'o fit to be steward of.

Wei [18:1] a small state in western China.

Wei another state in China, [9:14, 13:7-9, 14:42, 19:22].

Wei, King of see note to [7:14];
[7:14] Confucius not on his side;
[13:3] looks to Confucius to govern.

Wei, the lord of [18:1] an elder brother by a concubine of the tyrant Chou Hsin (reigned 1154-22 BCE), last of the Yin dynasty. He fled from court, since he could not improve his brother.

Wei-sheng Kao [5:23] begs vinegar from another to give to beggar.

Wei-sheng Mou [14:34] an old man who had fled the world, asks how Confucius finds roosts to roost on.

Wen, Duke of Chin reigned 636-28 BCE, the leading man in China in his day,
[14:16] was deep but dishonest.

Wen King, Duke of Chou born 1231 BCE, died 1135 BCE, the father of King Wu, founder of the Chou line of emperors;
[8:20] holding two-thirds of world submitted all to Yin;
[9:5] since his death Confucius is the home of culture;
[19:22] his Way lives in men.

Wu [3:25] the music of King Wu, less noble than that of Shun.

Wu [18:9] tambourine master of Lu, crossed the Han.

Wu, King the founder of the Chou dynasty, reigned 1122-15 BCE;
[8:20] had ten able ministers;
[19:22] his Way lives in men;
[20:1] his principles of government.

Wu-ch'eng a small town of Lu;
[6:12] Tzu-yu governor of it;
[17:4] as the Master draws near he hears lute and song.

Wu-ma Ch'i a disciple of Confucius, name Wu-ma Shih, style Tzu-ch'i, [7:30].

Y

Yang [18:9] assistant bandmaster of Lu, crossed the sea.

Yang Fu [19:19] a disciple of Tseng-tzu, made judge.

Yang Huo chief minister of the Chi, with whom he was long all-powerful; on one occasion he imprisoned his master; in 501 BCE, he was forced to leave Lu;
[17:1] wishes to see Confucius;
[18:4] accepts music girls.

Yao the first Emperor of China (2357-2255 BCE);
[6:28] still yearned to treat all with bounty;
[8:19] his greatness was like Heaven;
[8:20] the wealth in talent of his last days;
[14:45] struggled to grow better and make all happy;
[20:1] his commands to Shun.

Yen [17:4] = Tzu-yu.

Yen Lu [11:7] father of Yen Yüan, asks for Master's carriage to provide an outer coffin.

Yen P'ing [5:16] was versed in friendship.

Yen Yu [19:12] = Tzu-yu.

Yen Yüan (514-483 BCE), the favorite disciple of Confucius, name Yen Hui, style Tzu-yüan;
[2:9] is no dullard;
[5:8] Tzu-kung cannot compare with him;
[5:25] tells his wishes to the Master;
[6:2] made no mistake twice;
[6:5] for three months together did not sin against love;
[6:9] his mirth under hardship;
[7:10] could both fill a post and live happy without;
[9:10] says, As I gaze it grows higher;
[9:19] was never listless when spoken to;
[9:20] had never been seen to stop;
[11:2] was of noble life;
[11:3] the Master got no help from him;
[11:6] was fond of learning;
[11:7] dies: his father asks for the Master's carriage;
[11:8] dies: the Master says, I am undone;
[11:9] dies: the Master overcome by grief;
[11:10] the disciples bury him in state;
[11:18] is almost faultless;
[11:22] would not brave death whilst his Master lives;
[12:1] asks what is love;
[15:10] asks how to rule a kingdom.

Yi [14:6] a famous archer of the Hsia dynasty, who slew the emperor and usurped his throne, but was afterwards killed in his turn.

Yi [3:24] a small town on the borders of Wei: the warden says Confucius is a warning bell.

Yi-yi [18:8] lived in hiding, but gave the rein to his tongue.

Yi-yin [12:22] (and note), made minister, and evil vanished.

Yin dynasty (2205-1766 BCE), also called Shang, [2:23, 3:9, 21, 8:20, 15:10, 18:1].

Yu the name of Tzu-lu, whom see.

Yu Jo a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-jo, sometimes called Yu-tzu, the philosopher Yu, born 520 BCE;
[1:2] says that to be a good son is the root of love;
[1:12] says courtesy consists in ease;
[1:13] says if promises hug the right, word can be kept;
[12:9] tells Duke Ai to tithe the people.

Yu-tzu seeYu Jo.

Yung [5:4] see Chung-kung.

Yü [8:20] the dynastic title of Shun, whom see.

Yü [15:6] a minister of Wei, his straightness.

Yü [17:21] = Tsai Wo.

Yü an ancient emperor (reigned 2205-2197 BCE), founder of the Hsia dynasty, chosen by Shun as his successor;
[8:18] he swayed the world and made light of it;
[8:21] no flaw in him;
[14:6] toiled at his crops and won the world;
[20:1] his instructions on coming to the throne.

Yü-chung the younger brother of T'ai-po. He accompanied him in his flight to the wild tribes of Wu (the country round Shanghai), in order to let the third brother come to the throne, and succeeded T'ai-po as ruler of that people;
[18:8] lived in hiding, but gave the rein to his tongue.

Yüan Jang an old, eccentric acquaintance of Confucius;
[14:46] awaits the Master squatting.

Yüan Ssu a disciple of Confucius, name Yüan Hsien, style Tzu-ssu, born 516 BCE;
[6:3] refuses his pay as governor;
[14:1] asks what is shame.



Confucius (Kǒng Fūzǐ (孔夫子; Kong Qui) traveled the country in an ox cart observing and teaching his numerous disciples on the subjects of civics, ethics, literature, music and science. Of course, he claimed no divine inspiration and so naturally the writings attributed to him, recorded by his disciples, also make no such claim.



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References